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The flight feathers have a stiff central axis (the rachis), and up close one can even discern tiny hooklets, or barbules, which interlock with eachother to create a strong feather surface that can withstand high forces.
The hairs initially rise almost perpendicular to the feather surface but then bend over in the flow direction to form a canopy with an open area ratio of about 70percentt.
First, preen oil may simply form a physical barrier that prevents FDB from reaching the feather surface [33].
Ambient light was excluded with a cylindrical metal sheath attached to the probe tip with the probe held at fixed distance of 6 mm from the feather surface.
Uropygial secretions from all 100 birds were AIV-negative by RT-PCR, although 7 ducks were AIV-positive on the feather surface.
Feather samples were analyzed with an Ocean Optics USB4000 spectrometer (range 200 1100 nm) using a fiber-optic probe at an angle of 90° to the feather surface lit by a PX-2 pulsed xenon light source.
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This makes water droplets less attracted to the feather's surface.
This creates a dense net of fibers that water can't penetrate and it also traps air bubbles that prevent heat transfer, keeping water from freezing on the feather's surface.
These include a challenging flow problem over a bird wing characterized by a feather-induced surface roughness, and a complex flexible flapping wing problem for which experimental data is available.
But it did not distract from the imaginative clothes, where the signature down jackets had very fine feathers: gilded surfaces, jewel-encrusted decoration or - most striking of all - photo prints of chinchilla displayed beside the real fur.
And so she'd unleashed it, the story of the ducks, how some were almost wholly submerged, just the tip of a wing or a tail feather breaking the surface of the water, while others lay on the bank, their jewelled heads pressing beak-shaped indents into the silt.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com