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These correlations demonstrate that the worse the amygdala pathology, the greater the attenuation of the early P1 modulation by fearful versus neutral expressions in ERPs (Fig. 2E).
In particular, we used functional MRI and dynamic causal modelling (DCM; Friston et al., 2003) to assess modulation of OFC amygdala connectivity during fearful face processing.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to detect brain responses to fearful faces and dynamic causal modelling was applied to compute fear-induced modulation of connectivity within the emotional face network.
For discriminating fearful from happy expressions, critical information was carried by power modulation between 60 150 Hz and below 30 Hz, and again better decoded in ventral than lateral temporal cortex.
Therefore, these results provide new evidence that processing of fearful faces in visual cortex is susceptible to a rapid modulation by the amygdala.
These authors also found that the amplitude of N170 in response to fearful faces was larger than to neutral or surprised faces, suggesting an emotional modulation concurrent with the N170.
Thus, both type-1 and type-2 dopamine neurons exhibit bidirectional modulation by the negative and positive events, that is, they decrease their firing to the fearful events while increasing their firing to the reward signals.
"Fearful, embarrassed?
See modulation.
Hence a lighter modulation.
"[Alcoholism] is a fearful, fearful thing.
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