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Post hoc analysis of the significant emotion effect showed highest accuracy for happy conditions (happy vs. disgust/sad/anger/fear: p < .001; happy vs. neutral: p = .01) followed by neutral, sadness, anger, disgust and fear conditions.
As involved in the engagement of interpersonal relationships, moral behavior, and social aggression [ 39– 41], OFC with inappropriate function might strengthen the response to stressors or stimuli of fear conditions, resulting in severe impairments in social behavior [ 5].
Post hoc analysis of the significant emotion effect yielded fastest times for happy conditions (happy vs. anger/disgust/fear/neutral/sad: p < .001) followed by neutral, anger, sadness, disgust, and fear conditions.
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In agreement with these findings, one recent study found that more mild circadian manipulations, acute phase shifts either before or after contextual fear conditioning, attenuate recall of fear conditioned behavior without inducing sleep deprivation [46].
In the fear conditioning, conditioned fear can be memorized by exposure to pairing a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS, tone or light) with a noxious unconditioned stimulus (US, electric footshock).
Males with ablated SF1+ neurons were fear conditioned using five tone-conditional stimulus (CS) presentations co-terminating with a footshock-US.
SF1-ablated and control mice were placed in a conditioning chamber (Med Associates) and fear conditioned as previously described (Haubensak et al., 2010).
Avoidance task are comparable to cued and contextual conditioning, which is a fear condition task that measures the ability of an animal to learn and remember the association between an aversive stimulus and environmental cues.
Mann-Whitney U post hoc tests showed a significant increase in total duration spent freezing (p = 0.004) and an increase in frequency of freezing (p = 0.004) in the fear conditioned (FC) group relative to the non fear-conditioned group (NFC).
Whether brief versus prolonged social interaction between recently fear conditioned rats and partner rats about to undergo fear conditioning is a pivotal factor in social transfer of fear requires further investigation.
On the day of testing (Day 1 to 7), mice were placed individually into the same conditioning chamber for 6 min. The fear conditioned freezing behavior was scored as previously described [13], [26].
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