Article 14 of the 2005 World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) 1 requires Parties to take effective measures to promote cessation of tobacco use and adequate treatment for tobacco dependence.
Although most African countries have ratified the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), 1 progress in the implementation of WHO FCTC articles has been weak to modest, and existing legislation often does not meet the standards set by the WHO. 4 Discussions of disease and health in Africa and other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) often focus on infectious diseases.
Both groups have publicly criticized the FCTC [ 12, 13, 32, 34, 37] and both have tried to influence FCTC proceedings [ 36, 38, 39].
Recently recognized achievements through advocacy include adoption by Tanzania of the FCTC (93).
The government signed (in 2004) and approved for implementation (in 2007) the WHO's Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC) (22).
Global estimates of morbidity and mortality caused by smoking provide the basis for international tobacco control efforts such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) (2).
In addition, the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) collects data through five surveys and was developed to enhance the capacity of countries to design, implement and evaluate their national comprehensive tobacco action plan and to monitor the key articles of the WHO FCTC (21).
The US Centers for Disease Control [ 2, 3], the WHO's Framework Convention for Tobacco Control [ 1] (FCTC) [ 1] and MPOWER [ 4], the US National Institutes of Health [ 5], and the US Institute of Medicine [ 6], and have been joined by individual US states [ 7- 9], countries worldwide [ 10] and leading tobacco control activists [ 11, 12] in proposing comprehensive plans.
In the past, Zimbabwe government officials and growers' organizations have been outspoken supporters of tobacco growing and critics of the FCTC [ 31, 53, 54].
The ENSH model integrates ten policies in agreement with Article 8, 12, 14, and 21 of the WHO FCTC (Article 8: "smoking bans in public places," Article 12: "consumer information," and Article 14: "access to treatment for quitting smoking," Article 21: "research, surveillance and exchange of information").
To understand the history and process of the WHO-FCTC, the first author examined online WHO-FCTC reports (e.g., "Conference of the Parties to the WHO FCTC, No 5, Friday, 17 October 2014") and Framework Convention Alliance (FCA) newsletters and reports.
