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COPD-DM programs were found to have favourable effects on both health outcomes and costs, but there is considerable heterogeneity depending on patient-, intervention-, and study-characteristics.
Recent systematic literature reviews of COPD-DM programmes showed favourable effects on both health outcomes and costs (mainly due to decreased hospitalisation). 2 3 However, previous economic studies had poor methodological quality. 2 4 Most studies did not measure all relevant costs and health outcomes and did not perform incremental cost-effectiveness analyses.
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Physical activity and diet are both known to have favourable effects on insulin resistance and possibly on the risk of GDM.
Weight loss with both interventions resulted in favourable effects on serum sex hormones, which have been shown to be associated with a decrease in postmenopausal breast cancer risk.
Furthermore, both weight loss interventions resulted in significant favourable effects on oestradiol, free oestradiol, androstenedione (exercise only), free testosterone and SHBG compared with the control group.
Both classes of drugs have been shown to have favourable effects on experimental PH (Dumitrascu et al., 2006; Chester et al., 2009; Weissmann et al., 2009).
Furthermore, favourable effects on organ rejection following heart and renal transplant confirm an important immunomodulatory effect.
Favourable effects on hard and soft tissue healing and postoperative discomfort reduction were often reported.
Fuzzy functions were designed at the limits of unfavourable, undetermined or favourable effects on the forest ecosystem health status.
Peer-reviewed research shows that spending time among trees has favourable effects on several of our body systems, but there is evidence that simply seeing trees can confer beneficial neuronal and physiological changes.
The majority of studies have reported favourable effects on metabolism but recent reports indicate that GH treatment results in increased mortality in critically ill humans.
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