The advantages of the controller include elimination of the reaching movement of traditional sliding mode control, realization of online identification of the fault value, and overcoming of the effect of the actuator faults and time delay.
Many detection techniques detect fault occurrence by comparing the post-fault values of these variables with their values during system normal operation.
A depth correction of 2,850 m was applied to the calculations to reduce them to the appropriate syn-faulting values as the fault network is now deeply buried compared with when the faults were active.
In fact, comparing the results obtained from the proposed approach to those obtained at TRIUMF gives an absolute relative error of 3.1 and 14%, respectively, for the first and the second setups, while estimating the error between the latter and results from a conventional random fault injection provides error values of up to 75%.
Experimental results indicate that measuring mean joint faulting value using LJFM has high stability and accuracy.
Automatic threshold determination method and mean joint faulting value calculation method were proposed based on the double peak characteristic of joint faulting 3D height histogram.
Different cases are studied considering various loading conditions, varied fault resistance values and different fault types.
For an AG fault, the values of Ifb and Ifc would be zero.
These algorithms assure an acceptable accuracy for a wide range of fault resistance values and locations, without the need of any additional equipment.
To guarantee the accuracy of both the state and fault estimation values, the conditions to make the approximate model consistent with the exact model are presented.
The proposed algorithm can solve challenging problems of high penetration of inverter-based distributed generators, reduced fault current values and non-directional power flow.
