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It is hard to fault measures, like the Automotive Council and the HVM, that correct what economists call "collective action problems"—where firms can only solve their difficulties by clubbing together to share costs and risks.
For this purpose special symptoms and artificial fault measures are introduced.
It can be shown that operation range dependent false alarms will no longer occur, if the diagnosis system is constructed using the new symptoms and fault measures.
Since only new symptoms and fault measures are introduced, the choice of the diagnosis system structure can remain independent from the consideration of the operation ranges.
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As the noise and other un-related signal components have been largely removed, the Lempel Ziv complexity value will be mostly contributed by the bearing system and hence can be reliably used as a bearing fault measure.
Opponents, including the Roman Catholic Church, said the no-fault measure would lead to higher divorce rates.
Using proposed method, for Fx side fault relay measures the angle difference between prefault current during single-pole-operation i.e., Ī PFSPT and fault current Ī FSPT.
Though the traditional N − 1 simulation is time-consuming, it can discover the detailed data of N − 1 contingency and form fault treatment measures.
Using the newly developed worst-case fault sensitivity measure, the H− index, and the well-known worst-case robustness measure, the H∞ norm, this paper addresses the problem of H− index fault detection observer design and multiobjective H−/H∞ fault detection observer design problems.
When the identification result is uncertain, it starts a new round of negotiation and takes fault-tolerant measures to identify faulty components.
For small faults, the measures coverage and false coverage are not applicable so therefore, a different performance criteria, called sub-coverage, is proposed.
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