However, the proposed scheme provides more accurate estimations, irrespective of the fault types, fault inception angles and fault impedances.
The study results show that the proposed algorithms can reliably detect breaker failure within few milliseconds after fault inception.
Various types of faults at different locations, fault impedance and fault inception angles on a 400 kV, 361.297 km transmission line are investigated.
The tripping signal can be issued based on a set threshold, within two cycles from the fault inception, meeting the speed criteria of the digital relay.
Transfer leaks result in oxygen starvation and models of fuel cells under oxygen starved conditions would allow for detection of fault inception.
The evolving faults include earth faults occurring at the same location in two phases of one circuit or two phases of different circuits at different fault inception time.
Fault signals varying with fault resistance, fault inception angle, fault distance, load angle, percentage compensation level and source impedance are applied to the proposed algorithm.
Critical issues like a variation in fault location, fault resistance, fault inception angle and different source capacities are validated using the proposed scheme.
Proposed method is tested with variations in fault type, fault location, fault inception angle, fault resistance, inter-circuit faults, and cross-country faults.
The response time, the variation of the line parameters, the fault inception angle, the presence of erroneous samples and the mutual coupling are considered in the study.
The proposed scheme is tested under different fault locations, different fault resistances, different fault inception angles, and all fault types including cross-country and evolving faults.
