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What is more, faster freezing rate is more efficient for exfoliation and forms high concentration GO dispersions [36].
The frozen soil contained more unfrozen water under a faster freezing rate and less unfrozen water under a faster thawing rate, resulting in a hysteresis-like behavior in the soil freezing and thawing curves.
In conclusion, such a faster freezing protocol of semen packed in MFP could be advantageously applied to P1-spermatozoa (P1-SF), while the rest of the ejaculated spermatozoa could still be used for production of conventional artificial insemination (AI) doses, thus allowing for a maintained routine management of commercially relevant stud boars.
Upgrades: Faster freezing and longer freeze time.
Thus, for a sample at 37 °C, a cold liquid gas below its Leidenfrost point, such as liquid isobutane (freezing point, −160 °C; boiling point, −12 °C) may provide faster freezing than liquid nitrogen.
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Energy sources should allow very fast freezing to improve penetration of the cold in the tissue.
In addition fast freezing protocols (vitrification) have been investigated with MSC, showing normal proliferation, phenotype and differentiation [ 20, 21].
One was frozen in a Snapfrost fast freezing system (Excilone, Aperio, CA, USA) and stored at −80 °C, and the other was formaldehyde fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE).
This coincided with a slight increase of the total S-HBsAg content, 12% and 21%, respectively, as opposed to the higher deterioration degree in response to "fast" freezing.
Even fast freezing till −70°C on the target site was applied to perform cryomapping, and did not lead to permanent block in the hand of other investigators.
Although fast freezing techniques with freeze substitution can improve structural preservation compared to aldehyde fixation (e.g. Hawes et al[ 28]) they are of less use when in-vivo capillary pressure is required or specific filtration conditions need to be preserved during fixation.
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