During fasting, secretion of acylated ghrelin by the stomach was enhanced, increasing the circulating levels [ 25].
Remarkably, dysfunction of the residual pancreatic tissue associates in most cases an excessive fasting secretion as a sequel of the β-cells dysfunction and an expected lower insulin secretory capacity in response to glucose as a sequel of the extended resection.
It is reported that BAs can stimulate both FXR and TGR5 receptors in mouse β-cells and induce fast insulin secretion [ 16, 17].
A third approach consists of the use of increased protein contents, which improves postprandial glucose by accelerating and augmenting fast insulin secretion while reducing overall insulin requirements.
Despite reductions in fasting glucose, no change in fasting insulin secretion was observed over the 3 years of treatment (mean ± SE; 125 ± 5.6 pmol/L at baseline; 123 ± 5.8 pmol/L at 3 years).
Nonetheless, we did not observe any significant effects of leptin replacement on fasting insulin secretion or total insulin output during an OGTT (Fig. 1).
Canagliflozin and sitagliptin were associated with improvements in HOMA2-%B, an index of fasting insulin secretion, with a numerically greater increase seen with canagliflozin.
Increases in HOMA2-%B, a measure of fasting insulin secretion, were observed with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg compared with placebo (differences in LS mean changes of 12.4 and 22.8, respectively).
Beta cell sensitivity to glucose and pancreas triacylglycerol content Fasting insulin secretion rate decreased from 0.10 ± 0.01 to 0.06 ± 0.01 nmol min−1 m−2 during the first week (p < 0.05) and remained constant thereafter.
During fasting, increased secretion of cortisol from the adrenal gland increases the activity of the glucocorticoid receptor in the liver, leading to transcriptional activation of hepatic gluconeogenic genes such as glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK, also known as PCK1).
