There was also enrichment in purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process, structural constituent of ribosome, rRNA binding, and ribosome pathways, indicating that fasting altered ribosome function in HWS chicks.
Although aging and fasting alter many redox processes, the role of cysteine residues is uncertain.
Interestingly, fasting altered cysteine redox state to a greater extent than PQ treatment, although the patterns were qualitatively similar.
In sum, fasting altered the expression (adjusted p values ≤ 0.05) of 107 proteins in liver samples and 35 proteins in muscle samples (Tables S 8 and S 9).
Patients also presented higher prevalence of CVRFs than control subjects (data not shown): diabetes 19.1%, fasting altered glycemia 11.9%, hypertriglyceridemia 32.5%, low HDL 21.4%, and arterial hypertension 40.1%.
Functional categorization showed that fasting altered the expression of the same categories of genes that had previously been identified in mouse liver [ 18] and that are dominated by genes involved in lipid utilization (Additional file 13).
Of these, 221 liver and 44 muscle proteins were differentially expressed (adjusted p values ≤ 0.05) between control and all obese mice, while overnight fasting altered expression of 107 liver and 35 muscle proteins.
It is worth noting that, despite the uncertainty about insulin signaling in chicken adipose tissue, fasting altered the expression of several messengers encoding elements of the insulin signaling cascade.
Few studies describe physiological changes to AMPK activity, indeed neither chronic calorie restriction nor overnight fasting altered cardiac AMPK activity in mice [40], conditions previously noted to increase cardiac heparin-releasable LPL [41].
Hydrogel curing was significantly faster without altering the double bond conversion when P407 was present in the formulations, probably due to prearrangement of the double bonds.
