The negative behaviour of slope land farming, tree-cutting and free-ranging of animals were banned nationwide.
However, today, there were human activities such as farming, tree cutting, and housing in the uphill areas.
A key impetus was timber; farm trees meet 65% of India's demand.
In agriculture this should involve all outputs of biodiverse agro-ecosystems – the compost, energy and dairy products from livestock, the fuel and fodder and fruit from agro-forestry and farm trees, the diverse outputs of diverse crops.
Several lives, acres of land, farms, trees and economic treasures were lost during the episode.
Taking a landscape ecological perspective, we quantify farm tree dynamics, disentangle processes of gain and loss in the socialist and post-socialist periods of Eastern Germany, and assess differences in ecosystem services provided by farm trees.
Patch numbers of farm trees did not increase, which suggests that the expansion of tree cover is mostly due to a spatial expansion of previously existing tree patches.
A multivariate analysis showed that farmers maintained on-farm trees because of their direct timber, fencing, fuelwood, and charcoal production values.
We carried out a study to: 1) explore the rationale of farmers to maintain on-farm trees beyond crop yield; 2) quantify the impact of agronomic practices on the outcome of tree-crop interactions; and 3) analyse partial economic trade-offs for selected on-farm tree species at farm scale.
Presently, private farm trees, nearly all Eucalyptus woodlots, are planted mostly on hilly patches, parts of farmlands that are not suitable for growing food crops, and around homesteads (Ayele 2008; Gemechu 2010; Negasa et al. 2016; Negasa et al. 2017a).
In addition to wild forest habitats, this species is also commonly found in thickets and farm trees (such as citrus, mango, coconut, and cashew).
