The ecosystem degradation however threatens sustainability of this potential necessitating the need to develop market-based conservation-livelihood enhancement PES farm interventions.
The results could help the design of diagnostic tools to guide on-farm interventions according to the expected impact on udder health from a specific S. aureus genotype.
Conversely, Robertson et al. (2015) observed that farmers' willingness to adopt new farm interventions that enhance sustainable ecosystem service provision depends on awareness creation, farmers' attitudes, and incentive availability.
On-farm interventions were also viewed favourably by the FSA consumer focus groups (Jordon and Stockley, 2010).
The study found that consumers recognised that Campylobacter posed a risk to public health, and that 'on farm' interventions, lactic acid spray, heat treatments and packing interventions to prevent cross-contamination were most favoured.
Interventions designed to reduce the incidence of poultry-associated foodborne illness are generally targeted either to the later stages of poultry processing such as chlorinated chill tanks commonly used in the U.S [ 3, 4], or on-farm interventions which seek to reduce pathogen loads at various stages of the production process prior to processing [ 5].
Other important on-farm interventions include flock-based control methods such as purchasing replacement chicks from S. Enteritidis negative breeders, switching to a more S. Enteritidis resistant breed of layer flock, and/or the use of vaccines in commercial pullet flocks.
A critical aspect in the design of on-farm intervention programmes concerns the potential technical cost-effectiveness of packages of control measures.
Our study has shown that, regardless of the modelling approach, there are a number of farm-level factors that appear to be important predictors for the risk of Campylobacter on broiler farms in Iceland, providing a basis for farm-level interventions.
This study presents an analysis inspired by empirical data from studies conducted from 1993 to 2012 on the differing effects of farm safety interventions between participants who live or work on farms and those who don't, when both were learning to be farm safety advocates.
