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It is unlikely that these fitness reductions were due to advertent/ inadvertent selection during the farming process per se, but rather to the ancestral characteristics of the farmed individuals.
While such a scenario might seem extreme, many rivers in North America within 300 km of extensive salmon aquaculture now harbour exclusively farm spawning populations or populations composed of a mix of spawners that include a very high proportion of farmed individuals (Morris et al. 2008).
Concentrations of some trace elements differed significantly between wild and farmed individuals (Table 1).
Among the elements in sea bream otoliths, concentrations of 55Mn, 66Zn, 88Sr, and 137Ba were the most contributors on variations among wild and farmed individuals (Fig. 4b).
The transfer and production of these farmed individuals into different geographical regions than where they originated then sets the stage for interbreeding of potentially maladapted farmed individuals with wild individuals when the former escape (Hutchings and Fraser 2008).
This is the major reason why the outcome of hybridization of wild and transgenic individuals may differ from the hybridization between wild and farmed individuals.
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Although there is a growing body of research about factors that influence landholder participation in incentive programs, studies generally conceptualise landholders in agricultural landscapes as owner-occupier, farming individuals or families.
Some fields were used for small-scale activities such as limeburning and market gardening, but most were farmed by individuals.
In this study, 25% of every backcross individual's genome came from farm individuals.
Villagers have likened themselves to the group of peasants in 1978 in a village in central Anhui, who broke up the land into plots farmed by individual households.
We cannot move the farms (Individual interview with key stakeholder).
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