"As far as velocity and stuff, it's been there from the beginning," Chamberlain said.
Among them, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) enables rolling monocytes along the microvascular wall at a far slower velocity to adhere to the endothelial cells [26].
The significance of impact simulation lies in the fact that in all the simulation works performed so far, the velocity of biological particles has been overlooked; however, the living biological cells are moving and are not stationary.
As far as velocity estimation of the flowing mass at Stava is concerned, Takahashi (1991) made simple on-site measurements of the flow cross-section, at the positions indicated by the numbers in Fig. 4, and, by measuring the flow super-elevation on the outerbank versus the internal bank where the flow entered the curves, estimated the flow velocity (Table 1) with the Lenau formula (1979).
"I threw 20% of what I typically throw as far as velocity is concerned," Palmer said.
The simulation design rendered 2x2x2 exposure groups representing different sizes of range ("far", "near"), velocity ("high", "low") of exposure shifts around the average level, and temporal similarity ("large", "small") of exposure sequences between cycles.
The thickness of the lower crust and the depth of the BDT are dependent on the assumed rheology and far-field velocity ((v_{0})).
For high inclusion Peclet numbers (when advection dominates), the characteristic time varies with the permeability contrast, the far-field velocity, and the size and geometry of the inclusion.
Meshing refinement in wake can be a solution to improve the far-wake velocity distribution and to overcome the earlier energy decay of turbulent motions in the inertial subrange caused by artificial dissipation.
This inclusion Peclet number is a function of the far-field velocity, the effective diffusion coefficient, the length scale of the inclusion, and the ratio of the permeability of the lens to that of the surrounding matrix.
