Governments led by the United Malays National Organization have provided contracts, discounts and special quotas to Malays through a far-reaching affirmative action program.
That's because Whitman, like many schools, promotes an "effective consent" policy that isn't too far off from affirmative consent.
The answer, on the evidence thus far, seemed in the affirmative.
As pragmatic public policy, it is easy to show that the benefits of affirmative action far outweigh its social or individual costs.
One representative of the pity-poor-me school of atheism, Kathleen Goodman, writing in January for the Chronicle of Higher Education, went so far as to promote affirmative action for atheists on college campuses: specially designated, college-subsidised "safe spaces" for them to express their views.
If the question, on Inauguration Day, was whether American democracy would prove to be bigger than a President Trump, the answer, so far, is largely in the affirmative.
The number of whites who benefit from this affirmative action is far greater than the number of blacks.The American establishment is extraordinarily good at getting its children into the best colleges.
With its decision to take up racial preferences in admissions at public colleges, the Supreme Court has touched off a national guessing game about how far it might move against affirmative action and how profoundly colleges might change as a result.
As far as true propositions, both affirmative and negative, are concerned, the case is different.
First, using neutral survey language to ask voters about their hypothetical support for affirmative action is far different from gauging voter opinion after an intense issue campaign.
