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Risky or energetically costly behaviours, such as aggression, can be reduced if individuals can recognise familiar conspecifics, thereby receiving a fitness benefit over individuals unable to alter their behaviour to different familiarity classes (Höjesjō et al. 1998).
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This indicates that ravens' responses were unlikely to be based on acoustic differences on a class level (familiarity, sex or age class), but were based on individual vocal characteristics.
In fact, it is likely that the degree of familiarity among the class of familiar stimuli (during encoding) was quite variable and that those stimuli whose encoding benefited most from reward were the least familiar (relatively most novel) ones.
Fenton said she brought a familiarity with world-class events to the job.
We assessed the degree to which the effectiveness of prequestions could be influenced by individual differences in students' confidence, familiarity, out-of-class reading, and GPA.
Some examples of these models from our research are presented to increase familiarity with this class of models.
This is supported by anecdotally reported interactions between numerous participants and the lab coordinator/instructor, in which participants expressed a frustration and dissatisfaction with TA1's level of preparedness and familiarity with in-class activates.
As the number of variables used in pDFA should not exceed the number of test factors (Mundry & Sommer, 2007), we entered acoustic variables separately when using familiarity, sex, age class and individuals within a dyad as the test factor, and all acoustic variables at once when testing individual identity of all birds used as stimuli (see Table 4).
This analysis required students to provide responses on all of the in-class questions, including the prequestion, postquestion, new question, corresponding confidence ratings, and ratings for familiarity and out-of-class reading.
"Because of the continuity of being in the same building all day, its familiarity and the smaller class size, we think the moms will stay with us.
His style of drawing was straightforward, more literal than suggestive, often depicting well-fed-looking figures in settings -- business offices, restaurants, well-furnished apartments -- that would ring with familiarity to upper-middle-class sophisticates.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com