S. aureus nasal carriers may 'impose' their carrier status upon other household members, and the bacterium can be reintroduced into the hospital by intra-familial spread to and from HW [ 26].
Cases of familial SSINS spread over two generations have rarely been described (see list in Table 2).
Finally, the investigators examined the effect of tumour spread on familial risk, but found that the familial risks were essentially the same whether or not the tumour was localised to the breast at diagnosis.
A study by Foulkes found that the pattern of metastatic spread of familial-BRCA1 cancers seems to be different, with a low incidence of lymphatic spread to the axillary nodes, but a high incidence of haematogenous spread manifesting in a poor prognosis (Foulkes et al, 2003).
The most common and wide-spread hereditary amyloidosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), is caused by transthyretin mutations [ 12, 13].
Two other studies were performed in prepubescent familial hypercholesterolemic children who were provided with spreads or yogurts enriched with ∼2 g/d PSs (10) or plant stanols (14).
Although no single model is likely to explain all aspects of migraine [6], animal simulations have already informed our understanding of the genetic basis of familial hemiplegic migraine and the role of cortical spreading depression in aura [7, 8].
Eikermann-Haerter K et al., using a mouse model of familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), found that testosterone suppresses cortical spreading depression (CSD), which is considered to be one of the important pathophysiological mechanisms in the development of migraine [6].
Concurrently, intracerebral injection of pathological alpha-synuclein into transgenic mice overexpressing human wild-type alpha-synuclein, or human alpha-synuclein with the familial A53T mutation, or into wild-type mice causes spreading of alpha-synuclein pathology in the CNS.
Despite broad susceptibility and instances of household or familial transmission, H7N9 virus has not demonstrated easy person-to-person spread.
