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He describes his own conversion to respect for biological determinism from an initial flirtation with the theories of RD Laing, who argued that psychotic states were induced purely by deficiencies in familial environments.
This has led to the studies that investigate parental history, parenting behavior, and familial environments concurrently [ 54, 55].
The study's ultimate aim is to contribute to the reduction of incidences of bullying within the education system, community spaces, residential institutions and familial environments.
Consistent rural-to-urban and socioeconomic gradients were found in prevalence of elevated blood pressure, which increased with continuous lines from large cities through small- to medium-sized cities to villages and from high-SES to low-SES familial environments.
Kohler et al. (1999), for example, used Danish twin data to disentangle genetic and social influences on the patterns of heritability for the number of children, finding that genetic influences appeared to largely override previous shared social (familial) environments for younger cohorts.
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Abbreviations: FAS = Family Affluence Scale; BMI = Body Mass Index; OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval All analysis took into account the sampling strategy and controlled for familial environment (family structure, parental employment, FAS).
These findings suggest that genetic and/or shared familial environment explain family clustering of adiposity.
The magnitude of the associations between maternal-offspring adiposity and paternal-offspring adiposity were similar and we found no evidence for gender assortment, suggesting that genetic and/or shared familial environment explain this family clustering.
In family-based heritability estimations, the shared familial environment may contribute significantly to the estimate of heritability.
For example, Compton et al. [ 37] noted that a poor familial environment (e.g. coercive family interactions) is a shared risk factor for externalized behaviors and depressive symptoms in girls, but only for externalised symptoms in boys [ 37].
Such an influence of the familial environment on substance use among the family of opioid and other illicit drug users was also reported by others [ 12, 25, 30].
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