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Furthermore, it is impossible to add a true consequence to a false theory without thereby adding additional false consequences (or subtract a false consequence without subtracting true consequences).
If this diagnosis is correct, one need not deny P9 or P10 to block the intuitively false consequence that s could acquire knowledge of the empirical proposition Q9 in virtue of only non-empirical knowledge.
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Popper crafted his initial proposal in terms of the true and false consequences of a theory.
And if they are to be accommodated we cannot treat all true and false consequences alike.
Any two complete false answers yield precisely the same number of true consequences and the same number of false consequences.
For the three false claims mentioned here have exactly the same number of true and false consequences.
One possible condition which might result in the false consequences came from the much more complicated textures within the detected shadows and was illustrated in Figure 33(a).
And it is precisely counting sentences like these that renders Popper's account, in terms of all true and false consequences, susceptible to the Tichý-Miller argument.
According to the consequence approach, Popper was right in thinking that truthlikeness depends on the relative sizes of classes of true and false consequences, but erred in thinking that all consequences of a theory count the same.
Clearly, if we are going to measure closeness to truth by counting true and false consequences, some true consequences have to count more than others if we are to discriminate amongst them.
The formal route was inaugurated by Popper (1972, pp. 231 236), who defined relative orderings of 'verisimilitude' (literally, 'likeness to truth') between theories in a given domain over time by means of a comparison of their true and false consequences.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com