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Our use of the case-crossover method in evaluating this relation makes it unlikely that this effect is due to confounding by other seasonal exposures (12, 16) or due to an ecologic fallacy resulting from aggregation of cases and meteorologic exposures (15).
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Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva gave a strong rebuttal, calling these claims "fallacies resulting from commercial interests," and putting the blame instead on U.S. and European agricultural subsidies, and a problem restricted to U.S. ethanol produced from maize.
We used various topics of controversy in medicine and health care to demonstrate the relevance and the general principles of the method of EBM: Hormone therapy in (post-) menopausal women [ 29- 31] was used to exemplify the fallacies resulting from reliance on epidemiological studies and surrogate parameters rather than on evidence by high quality controlled trials and patient relevant outcomes.
Berkson's fallacy results when the associations found in studies of select samples are incorrectly presumed to apply to all alcoholics (i.e., including untreated alcoholics in the general population).
Failure to recognise the constant risk fallacy can result in a model paradoxically increasing the effect of differences in case mix on the outcome rather than reducing it.
Fallacies of generalization, the other branch of inductive fallacies, result from mistakes in the inductive process and this can happen in several ways.
See Example 2 in the supplementary document "Examples, Tables, and Proof Sketches", which illustrates the difference between total and incremental evidence, and explains the "baserate fallacy" that can result from failing to properly distinguish the two.
A limitation of our study is the potential for ecologic fallacy, which may result when using grouped versus individual-level data.
Localism is a fallacy if the result is the loss of such icons to commercial interests.
The stack fallacy is a result of human nature — we (over) value what we know.
The stack fallacy is a result of human nature — we (over) value what we know.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com