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Student maintenance loans, for example, are means-tested in such a way that they rise with parental income as maintenance grants fall, peak at parental incomes of around £42,600 (when maintenance grants fall to zero), and then fall again as students are deemed too rich to qualify for more.
As you can see, the greatest fall, peak to trough, was the one associated with the great financial crash, when US shares fell by 57 per cent from their peak on 9 October 2007 to the trough on 9 March 2009.
In addition, a strong asymmetry in the shape of the oscillation was also observed with the spring maximum significantly larger than the fall peak.
At still higher latitudes the fall peak persists, but with a deep depletion of atomic oxygen in the springtime; this appears to be the signature of the large-scale circulation.
This hypothesis would predict a significant clustering of cases during the fall peak and a weak spatial association between cholera cases and water sources.
This pattern should be most pronounced during the fall peak after the monsoonal rains, when secondary transmission has been suggested to play a more important role [ 17, 21], since flooding disrupts sanitary conditions and concentrates human populations in the landscape.
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First, there is a consistent seasonal pattern of fall peaks and summer troughs for total hospitalisations.
Spring and fall peaks for child murder [ 29] but not for homicides in general were reported from Erie County, New York, between 1973 and 1983 [ 30].
For example, Osborne [ 19] in a Portland, Oregon study, suggests that fall peaks in young children are the result of aeroallergen exposures combined with increased rates of infections associated with the start of school.
We have documented a late summer-fall peak of asthma admissions involving young adults in Manchester which coincides with the summer-fall peak of asthma deaths in UK patients aged under 35 years [ 20, 21].
The summer-fall peak in the 16 40 age group amounted to 33 additional admissions above the spring baseline.
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