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Substantial costs are incurred by the late-stage failure of developmental candidates.
Overgrowth in this pathway reflects both increased proliferation and a failure of developmental apoptosis.
In the female reproductive system, cadmium exposure leads to failure to ovulate, defective steroidogenesis, suppressed oocyte maturation, and failure of developmental progression in preimplantation embryo and implantation.
The loss of function (LOF) mutant of the protein kinase "Hippo" exhibits tissues overgrowth and tumorigenesis, in which the increased cell number is associated with the acceleration of cell cycle progression and a failure of developmental apoptosis [ 1- 5].
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Germline VHL and SDHB mutations compromise this pathway leading to a failure of normal developmental apoptosis and survival of cells that would give rise to phaeochromocytoma.
The analysis suggested that although the mole lens was transparent, there was some failure of normal developmental processes, with incomplete differentiation of both lens epithelium and lens fibres.
In 2013, studies in mice showed that TBX20 mutations resulted in failure of heart looping, developmental arrest, and lack of chamber differentiation [ 15].
These abnormalities are characterised by varying degrees of developmental failure involving the lower extremities, sacrococcygeal and occasionally distal thoracolumbar vertebrae and the corresponding spinal cord segments [15].
To assess the period of developmental failure, embryos from heterozygote hybridization at embryonic day 12.5 (E10.5), 10.5, and 9.5 were collected and genotyped by PCR.
The prevalence and timing of developmental failure depend strongly on oxygen.
To fill the information gap between exposures to EDCs and the outcomes of developmental failure, an experimental model that enables us to investigate the early developmental stages is essential.
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