In fact, as the studies cited above have demonstrated, diagnosing the failures of designed systems to meet specification is leading to deeper understanding of different types of molecular mechanisms, the nature and limitations of cellular resources, and the indirect coupling among cellular subsystems, and has hinted at undiscovered processes.
Waste is a failure of design, but what about waste that can't be designed out, such as food?
It turns out that while nerfing cards is often considered a failure of design among the makers of physical collectible card games, it may be a feature of Hearthstone.
When faced with a poorly considered, dehumanizing product — be it a dingy women's center, a mountain of unnecessary bureaucracy or assembly instructions for a new product that make you feel inept — it is a failure of design.
The waterfall development process derives from physical industries like construction and mechanical engineering, where a failure of design or implementation would either be extremely costly to fix, life-threatening, or both, resulting in a strong emphasis on detailed specifications at the start of any project.
For example, Bar-Yam (Bar-Yam 2005) discusses the failure of design and implementation of the Advanced Automation Systems AASS) in the previous century.
Sometimes, our failure to scale is a failure of design; we either do not recognize all the critical supply and demand elements that need to be pursued or assume other players in the market ecosystem will take them on.
Although in general one might consider this to be a failure of design, many large-scale genome-wide association studies make use of genotype data for standard control sets [ 1].
Failure of rationally designed vaccines against human TB and the dual role of IFNγ+CD4+ T cells during Mtb infection call for retrospection of our approach to TB vaccination.
However, heterogeneous nature of TB and failure of rationally designed vaccines in clinical trials raises serious questions against the simplistic view of TB as an outcome of weakened immunity.
