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Exact(13)
First, the step leading from [2] to [3] relies on the assumption that a name fails to refer with respect to a possible world at which its actual-world referent does not exist.
Midler, even as an aristocrat, has never lost her outsider status, because she never fails to refer back to her roots.
Shakespeare's detailed will, in which he notably left his wife 'my second best bed with the furniture', fails to refer to any theatrical legacy.
Mr. Franks, for example, fails to refer to his long career in Trenton as an assemblyman and as a powerful politician here who twice ran the state Republican Party.
On another trip, this time on the Flying Scotsman, he is inconsolable when the guard – who is probably really a "train manager" – fails to refer to the service by its proper name, flatly announcing it as "the 5.40 East Coast service from Edinburgh to King's Cross" instead.
According to Strawson, such an utterance will be neither true nor false, since the definite description fails to refer to anything.
Similar(47)
Thus, the Gricean predicts that the speaker will have failed to refer to x, since successful reference requires a genuine intention to refer.[17] One lingering problem for Griceans is that speakers can, and often do, have strange beliefs about their listeners' mental states and capacities.
The statement failed to refer to the healthcare side.
Once violations were found, the self-regulators failed to refer the incidents to their investigatory staffs.
In addition, some self-regulatory groups failed to refer even egregious rule violations to their enforcement staffs.
Controversially, the Thatcher government failed to refer Murdoch's purchase to the Monopolies Commission, which could have blocked it on competition grounds.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com