If the transaction fails certification, the client can retry using a different server.
Black and Hispanic adults are more likely to fail certification tests for the same reason so many children in those groups score relatively low on standardized reading tests: the tests mainly assess general knowledge, because it's hard to predict what topics they'll cover.
A dog team fails certification if it twice alerts handlers to drugs in the wrong spots before it finishes locating the four real samples.
It also shows that teachers in the "Big Five" cities -- New York City, Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse and Yonkers -- are more likely to lack certification, to have failed their certification exams or to have attended teachers' colleges with relatively low standards.
Teachers in New York City and the state's four other major urban areas -- Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse and Yonkers -- are more likely to lack certification, to have failed their certification exams or to have attended less-competitive colleges, according to the study, which was conducted for the State Education Department by researchers at the State University of New York at Albany.
Many of these teachers have repeatedly failed the certification exams, and state education officials say the alternative certification program will not begin to solve the problem.
Many of these teachers have repeatedly failed the certification exams, and Mr. Mills said yesterday that the alternative certification program would not begin to solve the problem.
"It's important to realize that many of these people have repeatedly failed these certification tests," Mr. Mills said.
Joshua Sohn, a lawyer representing teachers who failed the certification exams, was not available for comment on Friday afternoon.
In one front-page story, I had reported that nearly a third of the city's teachers had failed the certification exam at least once.
