Currently there are no definitive second line treatments for patients who fail standard of care.
When patients fail standard 5-fluorouracil-, oxalirinotecanrinotecand and bevacizumab-based therapies, EGFR-targeted salvage therapy can be prescribed only for those individuals with KRAS wild-type cancer.
TNF alpha blockade agents like infliximab are actually the treatment of choice for those rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who fail standard therapy.
The survival time of patients with AGC who fail standard chemotherapy is reportedly 3.8 4.3 months [ 18– 20].
The technical success rate is 47 93% in patients who fail standard biliary cannulation [ 4, 5, 25].
However, more than 30% of patients fail standard therapy and require surgical referral.
Patients with advanced disease who fail standard therapy often have rapid disease progression leading to death.
Physicians commonly avoid EOL care-related discussions with patients until they fail standard chemotherapy or are nearing death.
Although the majority of patients have an excellent prognosis, about 10 15% with Stage II IV disease fail standard combination chemotherapy.
If we strictly adhere to simplistic models, we will fail to access the substantial amount of knowledge that is embedded in findings that fail standard validation.
Rokkas et al. (8) highlight a greater concern at least 10% of HP patients will fail standard first- and second-line regimens.
