Waste from factories upstream has turned the water the village depends upon for irrigation into a foul-smelling toxic soup.
The sources could be due to wide use of Cr in metal plating, pigments for paints and effluent from major textile factories upstream.
Cluster 3 comprises Ni, total Cr, Mn, Cu and total Fe and represents the contribution of industrial wastewaters from major textile factories upstream, domestic wastes, pesticides and herbicides and fishing activities in the study area.
The sources of Ni in the water samples could come from wastewater releases from the Akosombo and Juapong Textile factories upstream, since nickel is present in nickel acetate which is usually applied as a mordant in textile printing.
These salts could come from a tissue manufacturing factory located upstream which releases effluent containing bleaching powder into the Volta River.
The hydrochemistry of the river water is controlled largely by effluent from major textile factories located upstream, domestic waste, agricultural and fishing activities and the decay of organic matter from the vegetation surrounding the river.
Factory capital for upstream production, which accounts for 72% of all manufacturing investment, faces a "clearly negative outlook" due to a lack of price growth momentum, Natixis says.
Muhamad Ishmail, age 56, said pollution from the chemical factories that started opening upstream in the 1990s had forced local fishing — a river industry for generations — to move primarily out to sea.
The company can use the program to create project planning scenarios – restoring wetlands upstream from a factory or building a water treatment plant, for instance – and see the potential environmental and financial impacts of those scenarios.
Upstream are airplane factories, cement plants, countless rusted hulks and, eventually, some cold clean water for salmon.
