It is well established today that the principal mediator of cellular adaptation to hypoxia, the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor (HIF -1, is of pivotal importance for survival and growtHIF -1st of chondrocytes durisg cartilage develofment as well as energy generation and matrix synthesis of chondrocytes in healthy as well as osteoarthritic cartilage.
In this brief review, we summarized the recent advances in nanotoxicological chemistry through the dissection of pivotal factors (primarily focusing on dose and nanosurface chemistry) in determining nanomaterial-induced biological/toxic responses with particular emphasis on the nanomaterial bioaccumulation (and interaction organs or target organs) at intact animal level.
Therefore, exogenous administration or overexpression of pivotal factors may be strong candidates for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
In support of this assumption, IbWRKY and WRKY70, an uncommon member of the WRKY transcription factor, are pivotal integrators of the SA and JA signals to regulate plant defense responses.
With regard to the possible mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, hypoxia-induced proteome changes, which are coordinated primarily by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF -1, may be of pivotal importance.
A 35-kDa protein designated as Nanog from Celtic/Irish mythical Tír na nÓg (Tir Na Nog; The Land of the Ever-Young) is another homeobox-containing transcription factor that represents the group of pivotal proteins modulating pluripotency degree [ 70, 71].
Posttranslational modification of PFK1 enzyme might be the pivotal factor of deregulated glycolytic flux in tumors that in combination with altered signaling mechanisms essentially supports fast proliferation of cancer cells.
Indeed, recent reviews have considered the imbalance between anabolism and catabolism as a pivotal factor of the IVD degeneration process.
SMAD4 is the pivotal factor of canonical SMAD signaling and its inactivation or deletion prevents SMAD signaling.
Smads are the key intracellular mediators of transcriptional responses to TGF-β signaling, and among these Smad4 is the pivotal factor of the TGF-β pathway as it functions as a key tumor suppressor [ 24- 26, 29- 31].
