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The most important risk factor of agitation was being aggressive at baseline (Modified Overt Aggression Scale score ≥4, odds ratio=6.54; 95% confidence interval=4.93 8.69).
Nicotine withdrawal was identified as risk factor of agitation, but not delirium, in multivariate and matched case-control analyses adjusted for confounding factors.
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However, the precise incidence and risk factors of agitation have not been fully investigated in this subset of patients.
The main strength of our study is that we will provide the evidence of incidence and risk factors of agitation in a large sample sized multicentre cohort study.
The primary end point will be the incidence and risk factors of emergence agitation during the first 12 h after an intracranial operation.
The results of the study showed active smoking history to be an independent risk factor for agitation.
Among these publications that focused on agitation in the ICU setting, only one included smoking status as a variable of interest [ 13], which was, however, not identified as a risk factor for agitation.
We evaluated the incidence, risks factors, and outcomes of agitation in ICU.
Incident analysis by the PRISMA method is a feasible method to identify contributing factors to UE. Optimalisation of agitation treatment and extubation protocols, and increased awareness of high-risk conditions, could prevent UEs.
A factor analysis of a measure of agitation used with nursing home residents produced three factors which make it possible to distinguish various forms of agitation [ 9]: aggressive behavior (AB, e.g., hitting), non-aggressive physical behavior (NAPB, e.g., pacing), and verbally agitated behavior (VAB, e.g., complaining).
Various authors contend that discomfort acts as an internal factor which precipitates the occurrence of agitation [ 10, 12].
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