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Several studies have shown that post-traumatic stress is a risk factor for the development and chronicity of depression and substance use (Bolton et al. 2000; Giaconia and Reinherz 1995; Kilpatrick et al. 2000).
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In this model for the development and chronicity of RA at least five steps can be distinguished.
Abnormal increased connectivity between the mPFC and the NAc is highly predictive (90%) of who will go on to develop CLBP suggesting that there may be pre-disposing biomarkers for the development of chronicity [ 28, 179].
Nowadays, it has been suggested that chronic pain of any part of the body itself may be an independent disease entity and there may be some common neurobiological basis (especially central mechanisms) for the development of chronicity in all pain disorders [3].
In programmes aimed at preventing the unfavourable consequences of MSD in terms of sickness absence and health care use it is important to identify the (individual) factors that determine the development of chronicity of complaints.
Thus the study has three primary aims: 1 To gain insight into the factors that determine the development of disability and chronicity after a low-impact MVA. 2. To determine the natural course of WAD, with respect to prognostic subgroups.
Recently, Shaw et al. [38] suggest that lifetime history of depression or anxiety may be risk factors for the transition to chronicity in men with first-onset LBP.
Nevertheless, we chose to keep the consumption of alcohol as a potential confounding, since many studies show that alcohol is an independent risk factor for the chronicity of mental disorders.
Asthma involves genetic and environmental factors in its development, chronicity and severity [1], [2].
Work-related psychosocial factors played an inconsistent role in the development of chronicity of complaints.
Given that the effectiveness of treatment for subacute symptoms will directly influence the development of chronicity, these results would suggest that education and awareness of the causes and consequences of back pain may be a valuable treatment component for this patient subgroup.
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