In some practical scenarios, α represents the quality of service (QoS) that the primary links demand facing interference from secondary users, e.g., when α=0, the primary links cannot tolerate any exceeded interference; when α=0.2, the primary links allow some exceeded interference with a small probability.
Competition, ever present in nature, can force individuals to increase foraging effort [e.g., by facing interference from other competitors or depletion of food resources [ 10]].
Producers who have chosen to film in the Los Angeles or New York areas have often faced interference from picketers.
The DNA faced interference by Victor Ponta, Romania's prime minister, who before his election in 2012 called it a successor to the reviled security police of communist days.
France and its western allies are pushing for a national political settlement and democratic elections to stabilise the situation in the west African state, where interim civilian leaders have faced interference from Sanogo and other junta officers.
In addition to avoiding police surveillance, sex workers face interference that other people don't in putting apps to work interference from tech companies themselves.
For buildings with more than one room, no APs should be deployed in the same room of a building; In the presence of a strong outdoor interference source (i.e., from a micro-cell), the location of some of the co-frequency FAPs, should be placed near the wall facing the interference source to counter-act the high level of indoor interference.
The use of this feature enables data transmission between devices to be performed more efficiently, allowing a more secure communication when facing electromagnetic interference [4, 5].
However, if the PN is sensed to be inactive, the SUs opportunistically operate in the interweave mode without facing the interference power constraint imposed by the primary receiver to improve the system performance.
The truth is that teachers just need to be left alone to do their jobs, instead of facing incessant interference from the latest fads imposed on them by administrators and legislators, most of whom have never spent a single day in a classroom in front of difficult students.
The models successfully predicted smooth specimen crack-face interference-free fatigue lives and gave reasonable estimates of the smooth specimen endurance limits of crack-face interference free tubular tests run at intermediate strain ratios (λ = 3/4, 3/2, and 3).
