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On the other hand, Yao et al 9 found that PGE2 acting on its receptor EP4 on T cells and dendritic cells not only facilitated T helper 1 (TH1) cell differentiation but also amplified interleukin-23-mediated TH17-cell expansion in vitro.
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ILC2-derived IL-13 may promote DC migration to the draining lymph node where the DCs can facilitate T cell activation and Th2 differentiation (Halim et al., 2014).
A lot of evidences exhibit that TCR/CD3 microdomains are a precondition to induce the immunologic synapse, in which a variety of signaling molecules are recruited to TCR/CD3 microdomains and facilitate T cell activation [8 11].
Recently, it has been reported that CD4 clustering was greatly associated with TCR/CD3-mediated signaling transduction, in which CD4 clustering and its co-localization with TCR/CD3 microdomains will lead TCR-mediated signaling amplifies and facilitate T cells activation.
Combing the immunofluorescence labeling approach and NSOM/QD-based nanoscale imaging technique, several groups and our previous study have demonstrated that TCR/CD3 microdomains are required for the full T cells activation, in which a variety of signaling molecules including co-receptor CD4 or CD8 are recruited to TCR/CD3 microdomains and thus facilitate T cells activation [12, 14, 20 22].
DCs are equipped with an array of receptors that facilitate T cell activation.
Similarly, regulation of cell death by caspases may facilitate T cell viability and expansion [61].
Furthermore, Notch is known to facilitate T cell survival, which may contribute significantly to the manifestation of T cell lymphoma.
These reports provide evidence that TAP and MHC-I expression facilitates T cell immunity in the effector phase.
In this regard, it is also possible that the human B cells themselves can present antigen to the T cells, thereby facilitating T cell expansion and survival.
There is also up regulation of various activation markers, including CD25, which is the specific α-chain subunit of IL-2, facilitating T cell responses to this cytokine.
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