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To examine this effect more closely, individual Pearson's correlations were performed for each participant, examining the relationship between colour change and initial face redness.
Appearance-based motivation for lifestyle change can be effective; thus future studies could assess the degree to which cardiovascular fitness increases face redness and could quantify changes in aerobic exercise needed to increase facial attractiveness.
Interactions between initial face redness and participant ID were found for oxygenated (F29,1410 = 2.057; p = 0.001) and deoxygenated (F29,1410 = 1.579; p = 0.026) blood colour trials, suggesting that different participants are influenced by the initial redness of the face to different extents.
For the cross-cultural study, participants increased the redness of faces to optimise healthy appearance (Δa* = 2.39±0.18 t49 = 13.661; p<0.001; Fig. 2B), and redness change applied was negatively related to initial face redness (F1,1748 = 187.272; p<0.001; Table S5).
Furthermore, the amount of oxygenated blood colour added to faces negatively correlated with initial colour of the face; thus the lower the face redness was to start with, the more oxygenated blood colour that was added to optimise the appearance of health.
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If the participant chose the face with lower redness in the first trial, the trial would be repeated; if they chose the face with lower redness four consecutive times, the colour threshold would be recorded as 4.8 (the colour difference at the extreme ends of the continuum).
If they chose the face with higher redness four consecutive times, the colour threshold would be recorded as 0.075 (the colour difference between each interval in the continuum).
If participants chose the face with lower redness, this would constitute a staircase 'reversal', and the next trial with that face would have double the colour difference of the previous trial.
If the participant chose the face with higher redness in the trial on the staircase with the smallest colour difference (if they got that far), the trial was repeated.
If participants chose the face with higher redness, the next trial using that face would have half the colour difference of the previous trial (e.g. – if the redder face was selected in the first trial, the second trial using that face would display a ΔE of 2.4).
A double-blind and vehicle-controlled clinical evaluation was carried out under a dermatologist control with 20 Korean women (age between 30 and 60 years, mean age 46±7 years) showing clinical signs of hyperpigmentation (face spots) and redness.
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