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First, fabricating desired surface features by various micro fabrication techniques, such as lithographic, hot-embossing, etc.
Most layers of perovskite SCs, including the perovskite light harvesting layer, are solution-processed, and thus can be fabricated by low-cost, scalable and vacuum-free fabrication techniques, such as spray coating.
Different from the vertical templates, traditional planar electronic fabrication techniques such as photolithography, electron beam lithography could help to fabricate the 1D channel as the planar growth template.
Semiconductor fabrication techniques such as advanced lithography or holography [13, 14] are some of the most widely used methods.
This EF value is comparable or slightly higher than that obtained by other fabrication techniques such as EBL.
Various fabrication techniques such as melt electrospinning and fused deposition modelling have been employed to synthesize 3-dimensional bioscaffolds that can be used to replace lost tissue.
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Samples for the microbridge test are prepared by the microelectromechanical fabrication technique such that they are easy to handle.
The recent progress in micro- and nano-fabrication techniques, such as photolithography and EB lithography, enable us to fabricate 2D structures on the surface of a solid substrate with nanometer-scale accuracy.
Furthermore, we review the most recent approaches to integrate hydrogel materials and micro/nano-fabrication techniques, such as microfluidic devices and 3D printing techniques, for cancer research.
In order to control the diskoid shape down to subcellular accuracy, one may incorporate other micro-fabrication techniques, such as polymer laser micromachining or deep reactive-ion etching (Liu et al. 2011).
Based upon these results, we conclude that scaffold properties provided by additive manufacturing techniques such as SLA fabrication, particularly increased mechanical stiffness and high permeability, may stimulate dramatic BMSC responses that promote rapid bone tissue regeneration.
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