The relationship between temperature and mortality are extensively documented, with excess morality during days with extremely low or high ambient temperatures [ 1- 6].
Conversely, heavy precipitation destroys larvae and reduces survival rate of female mosquitoes in the short period but creates abundant breeding sources in long term (7, 10); whereas extremely low precipitation increases ambient temperature, usage of water and air-coolers and water storage that may serve as breeding habitats.
However, higher sampling rates or longer sampling times may be necessary to measure extremely low virus concentrations in ambient air, and both of these approaches have the potential to injure or destroy viruses and thus inhibit detection.
Among the reasons for this is that the analytical chemistry at the extremely low concentrations necessary to study ambient I (10 7 to 10 11 M) have not been readily available and the analytical procedures were (and still are) arduous (Denham et al., 2009).
In contrast, variation in β-taxonomic diversity was mainly due to species turnover ranging from 0.4 (between low and ambient pH zones) to 0.62 (between extreme low and ambient pH zones) (Supplementary Table 3).
Settlement tiles were placed in ambient pH, low pH and extremely low pH conditions for 14 months at a natural CO2 vent.
However, due to its extremely low intensity and its sensitivity to interaction with ambient light, this intrinsic bioluminescence was rarely used as a monitoring tool for cells' physiology or pathology.
Since the author could not rule out the possibility that this extremely low level reflected a depressed rate due to high ambient temperature (up to 40°C), she suggested that basal rate may actually occur at lower temperatures (19 26°C), which yields a value that is 65% of the predicted BMR [11].
In some applications, the propellants are cryogenic (i.e., they are substances like oxygen and hydrogen that are gaseous at ambient conditions and must be tanked at extremely low temperature to be in the liquid state).
Here, we firstly design and numerically demonstrate a near-ideal radiative cooler operating below the ambient temperature, achieving both broadband selective emissivity in the infrared atmospheric window and extremely low absorption in the entire solar spectrum, realizing a net cooling power exceeding 122 W/m2 at ambient temperature.
