With high permittivity dielectrics above metal surface, the SPP mode at high frequency has extremely large loss or can be cutoff, which limits the potential applications of SPP in the field of optical interconnection, active SPP devices and so on.
These amazing properties provide the possibility to make use of SPP mode for some potential applications, which are impossible for metal-SPP, such as optical interconnection and active SPP devices, where Si and active III-V material (GaAs) with high permittivity might result in the cutoff of SPP mode or extremely large loss at certain frequency.
Extremely large seismic loss due to a catastrophic earthquake is a serious concern for risk management of multiple buildings and infrastructure.
In some cases, even though SPP mode is not cutoff, the surrounding with large permittivity would result in extremely large propagation loss at certain optical frequency range.
Second, the extremely large couplings and low losses observed in these systems allow the design of high-order interaction terms, which are sufficiently strong compared to the relevant decoherence energy scales.
As multiple independent circularization events are exceedingly unlikely, the genome of the common ancestor of the Pseudonocardiaceae was either extremely large and suffered gene loss during speciation or it was rather small and most of the accessory genes were acquired later.
Large areas were flattened or burned by Japanese incendiary bombs, with extremely heavy loss of civilian life.
The total number of neurons is extremely large, however, so that any losses probably have only a minor effect on behaviour.
The double-digit transmission and distribution losses are extremely large by international standards and are among the highest in the world.
Stage 5 mitochondria were extremely large and swollen, with essentially complete loss of defined structure within the mitochondrial membrane.
