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This higher drought sensitivity is likely reflected both in climate-growth relationships over longer periods of time, as well as in growth responses of tapped pine trees in extreme years.
The evaluation of extreme years and the potential implications of projected climate change can also be seen in the depiction of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration, runoff, and recharge for a landscape-scale view across northern California (Figure 11).
"The chances of a really early melt are increasingly unlikely as the years go by, and you'd need a couple of extreme years like 2007 in a row to reach that now," he said.
Few trees fruit or flush leaves during these months and, in extreme years, this lack of food resources can lead to mass starvation among the vertebrates [24].
In an oscillating climate, directional warming trends might impose strong selection primarily during extreme years, which will occur most often near peaks of natural decadal cycles.
The extent to which the ice floes travel south varies between years, often being limited but reaching the central coast of mainland Nova Scotia in unusually extreme years (Canadian Ice Service).
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Calculations show that in an extreme year with a "probable maximum flood," the spillway would be far too small.
"One extreme year in 10 can drive the system, and so long-term data gives us context.
The figure was later revised so it was slightly less "catastrophic" than the other extreme year in 2002-03, said Haeberli.
Last year brought a dozen, at a cost of $52 billion, making it the most extreme year for weather since accurate record keeping began in the 19th century.
The year 2012 was also an extreme year for Greenland, with record melting across its entire surface flushing water into the ocean and accelerating sea level rise.
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