For example, when studies with most extreme negative effect estimates fail to enter a meta-analysis, a test based on the R estimator from the trim and fill method provides a powerful tool to detect this bias.
A parallel, but even more extreme example is the negative effects of Glomus macrocarpum on tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum.
This is clearly an extreme example regarding the negative effects of stepfathers, and stepfather-related child deaths in contemporary developed populations are rare in absolute terms.
In 2007, he wrote an article for the journal Clinics in Sports Medicine about the negative effects of extreme exercise on the immune system.
Extreme drought conditions have serious negative effects on the livelihood security of most pastoralists in Turkana.
Specifically, the negative effects of extreme weather events in 2009 and 2010 offset the positive benefits of ecological reconstruction programs in the western part of the study area.
This and other events like hurricanes Lothar in 1999 and Kyrill in 2007 (Schramm 2007), the 2005 snow chaos in the West German Münsterland region, or the 2003 heat wave have shown the potential negative effects of extreme events on infrastructure (John-Koch and Fekete 2010) and the need to consider potential negative climate change impacts on infrastructure systems to avoid future disasters.
So apparent are the negative effects of extreme isolation that several organizations - including the ACLU, the American Bar Association, the American Psychiatric Association, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the National Alliance on Mental Illness, Human Rights Watch, and others -- have taken public stands against the practice.
"You're still being very aggressive, you're still killing people in the game — but when you cooperate, that overrides any of the negative effects of the extreme aggression," explains researcher John Velez, a graduate student in communication at Ohio State.
