In the Altiplano there are two marked seasons: one is rainy and relatively warmer, the other is dry and cold, and marked by extreme frosts.
The fact that Tragopogon allopolyploids have formed in Washington and Idaho but not in Europe may be because occasional environmental shocks such as extreme frosts during flowering (Hagerup 1932; Ramsey and Schemske 1998) have occurred more in Washington and Idaho and induced chromosome doubling.
The accidental death of animals in live traps was caused by extreme morning frost or poor overall health status caused by floods (Kiss JB personal communication).
Historically, the beetle could not attack the pines because they grew in harsh climates with extreme winter frosts.
Müller, G. V. & Berri, G. J. Atmospheric circulation associated with extreme generalized frosts persistence in central-southern South America.
In a sense, Lake Vostok is a planet in the ice, isolated by extreme depths of frost rather than by the cold vacuum of space.
Abiotic stresses, drought, excessive watering, extreme temperatures (cold, frost and heat), salinity, pollutants and mineral toxicity adversely affect plant growth and productivity.
Extreme weather events (frost and heat shock), already a significant challenge for grain producers, are predicted to increase under future climate scenarios.
However, the question of whether it is a factor of degradation per se, apart from extreme events like frost or fire, is still a subject of debate [25].
For this, practical measures are required for prevention and mitigation of damage caused by extreme climatic events (frost, drought, hailstorms and floods), a requirement which can be summarized as the need for an agricultural risk management, as these two activities are the basis for food security and incomes of small farmers living in daily risk.
