Consistent with fln1 mutants having a more severe morphological phenotype, cells of fln1-1 wextremelymely vacuolated and contained chloroplasts with more extreme defects than those of fln2 cells.
In particular, the fatigue limit is related to the population of extreme defects and to the material properties expressed by cyclic yield strength and by crack propagation thresholds.
A large fraction of flies (20 of 22) showed extreme defects (class 4) at 28° when using the CR7T promoter, indicating an effect of temperature.
These results suggest that the overexpression of TTLL3B in the absence of Bug22 results in premature and (severely increased) polyglycylation during the canoe stages, which causes extreme defects in spermatogenesis.
Analyses of rack1a, rack1b and rack1c double and triple mutants, however, revealed that rack1b and rack1c can enhance the rack1a mutant's developmental defects, and an extreme developmental defect and lethality were observed in rack1a rack1b rack1c triple mutant.
Whole and partial chromosome amplification is common in laboratory selection experiments (Dunham et al., 2002; Gresham et al., 2008; Yona et al., 2012) and is particularly prevalent in laboratory mutants that have an extreme fitness defect (Hughes et al., 2000; Koszul et al., 2004; Rancati et al., 2008).
Thalidomide, introduced as a sedative, caused extreme birth defects in the late 1950s — in the old days, before the F.D.A. decision that allowed mass-media advertising of prescription drugs.
This effect was clearly seen in animal models of atherosclerosis because they have extreme gene defects, with defined trial diets, special experimental environment and limited immunological challenges.
Lutz: "Given two extremes — zero defects with no delight and delight with a few squeaks in it — the public will always buy the latter".
The high incidence of soft tissue dehiscence occurring in this clinical study may also be explained by the extreme narrow crestal defects (mean crestal width of 2.78 mm) multiple teeth absence and non-containing defects, what needed in most of the cases to use more than one block graft.
