Natural phenotypic differences offered us the opportunity to follow up the role of anthocyanin genes that lead to extreme colorations in grapes.
Finally we tested whether the evolution of extreme dichromatic coloration in Scarus and Chlorurus was a better explanation of diversification rate than the acquisition of a pharyngeal mill.
We suggest that the most likely cause of diversification in the S-C clade is the evolution of extreme male breeding coloration and reproductive behaviors through sexual selection [ 23].
All P st values were higher than the empirical 95th percentile of the pairwise FST distribution (this study: 0.086) and hence were considered as extreme, meaning that the coloration differentiations between populations might evolve by selection and not by neutral processes.
Roosevelt begins by writing that the Thayers expounded the "doctrine" of concealing coloration "in its extreme form", which he thought had been "pushed to such a fantastic extreme and to include such wild absurdities as to call for the application of common sense thereto".
His is a "Rinaldo" with extreme, sometimes eccentric tempos, wild coloration and a beefed-up, multihued continuo section.
Other melanin-based plumage characters, such as tail pattern and coloration and throat coloration, show extreme variation within B. j. harlani but overlap to some degree with plumage characters observed in other B. jamaicensis subspecies [ 17].
As a result, the book was mocked by critics including Theodore Roosevelt as having "pushed [the "doctrine" of concealing coloration] to such a fantastic extreme and to include such wild absurdities as to call for the application of common sense thereto".
We investigated the relationship between MC1R variation and plumage coloration in swans (Cygnus), which show extreme variation in melanic plumage phenotypes among species (white to black).
The process has been clearly demonstrated in a wide variety of organisms [ 1, 2], and is implicated in the evolution of celebrated instances of extreme sexual dimorphism, e.g., elongated tail feathers [ 3] and bright coloration [ 4] in birds, exaggerated horns and spikes on insect genitalia, and bizarre modifications on male arthropod appendages [ 5].
