Davilla elliptica chloroform extract triggered the production of H2O2, NO and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a dose-dependent manner into cultured macrophages [ 40] whereas inhibitory effects in H2O2 and NO production by ethyl acetate fraction from Alchornea glandulosa were demonstrated [ 41].
However, a clean glass rod touched to anemone tentacles in the presence of prey extracts triggers massive discharge of nematocysts (Pantin, 1942a; Pantin, 1942b).
Percentage inhibition was calculated based on the ability of extracts to inhibit nitric oxide formation by cells compared with the control (cells in media without extracts containing triggering agents and DMSO), which was considered as 0%% inhibition.
The brain extracts could trigger the formation of amyloid-β deposits in the brains of young APP/PS1 mice, but not if the young animals lacked ASC.
For EBN treatment only, both S1 and S2 when given at MNTD induced release of active caspase-3, signifying that high dose of the extracts may trigger early apoptosis event and hence lower concentrations should be used for the treatment.
This suggests that the extract triggers the innate immune response and/or inflammatory responses, thereby inhibiting HBV replication.
Selaginella doederleinii extract triggers apoptosis by increasing the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in CNE cells [ 22].
Through interactions with receptors, ion channels, and phosphorylation enzymes, molecules in the particle extract will trigger various cell signaling pathways that may lead to the release of inflammatory markers directly or indirectly by causing cell death.
When tested for their attractiveness to the pollinator of each parent orchid species, we found that floral scent extracts of the hybrids triggered less inspecting flights and contacts by the male bees with the scented dummy than those of the parental orchid species.
Methods: All data from the Intensive Care Unit electronic recording system (ICIP Phillips) was queried to extract all VAP alerts triggered between June 2009 and March 2012.
