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The differences in P forms detected with and without Chelex raise questions about previous studies that detected only orthophosphate in acid extracts of soil as part of a sequential extraction procedure for which pH was increased without using a cation exchange resin treatment [27, 28].
We observed similar dose-dependent responses when we treated ZEM2S and human cells in vitro with identical aqueous extracts of soil from hazardous waste sites.
A packed capillary liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC ESI-MS/MS) method was deveLC ESI-MS/MSplied to the identification of methodd hydrolysis products in aqueous extracts of soil.
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This technique has been adopted widely because it provides information on phosphorus compounds in alkaline extracts of soils or sediments without the need for the complex extraction and sample clean up procedures involved in conventional chromatography.
For example, Huang et al. [15, 16] reported much larger MUP concentrations in M3 extracts of soils fertilized with poultry litter stabilized with alum [(Al2SO4 3·14H2O] than in M3 extracts from soils fertilized with untreated poultry litter.
Hazard assessments of toxicity were conducted for UOMW, untreated olive mill wastewater organic extract (UOE), TOMW, treated olive mill wastewater organic extract (TOE) and extracts of soils amended with UOMW (SUOMW) and with TOMW (STOMW).
Further testing involved a choice design based on filter papers wetted with water extracts of soils worked by a different genotype on each side (N = 18) or extracts from worked soil vs. un-worked control soil (N = 10).
Solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (P-NMR) is the most widely used method to characterize P forms in extracts of soils and other environmental samples [5, 22, 23].
Although pH-adjusted acid extracts have been successfully used for P-NMR as components of sequential fractionation of animal manures and have shown a range of P compounds to be present [26, 27], only orthophosphate was detected in acid extracts of soils in previous studies [27, 28].
This is indeed found to be the case for more complex systems, i.e. membrane extracts of soil-living organisms, as illustrated in Fig. 5a at early times (≤1 second).
Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in aqueous extract of soil was determined following dichromate oxidation titration (Ciavatta et al. 1991).
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