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This extraction takes place in two common extraction pathways.
Researchers have attempted to address the limited charge extraction due to low mobilities in the organic materials by introducing inorganic semiconducting nanorod arrays (NRAs), which would act both as blocking layers (which are required in order to maximise efficiency in BHJ solar cells [21]) and charge extraction pathways from deeper in the blend (Figure 1b) [22].
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The organic dye with the double electron acceptors exhibited a better light absorption at long wavelength and an effective electron extraction pathway from the electron donor to the TiO2 surface, leading to an improved short-circuit current (11.6 mA cm−2), compared with that of the dye with the single electron acceptor (10.2 mA cm−2) and the conventional N3 Ru-dye (10.4 mA cm−2).
The dye PTDA with A π D π A framework exhibited a better light harvesting capacity and an effective electron extraction pathway from the electron donor to the TiO2 surface, leading to an efficiency of 6.82% under 100 mW cm−2 light illumination, while the dyes PTA and PDTA with D π A and π D π A frameworks delivered efficiencies of 6.34% and 5.12%, respectively.
We have developed a system, PWTEES, which extracts pathway interactions from the literature utilizing an existing event extraction tool (TEES) and pathway named entity recognition (PathNER).
The recognition of such names are crucial for biomedical text processing tasks, e.g., detection of drug-protein interactions, adverse effects of chemical compounds and their associations to toxicological endpoints or extraction of pathway and metabolic reaction relations.
The recognition of chemical entities is also crucial for other subsequent text processing tasks, such as detection of drug-protein interactions [2], adverse effects of chemical compounds and their associations to toxicological endpoints, or the extraction of pathway and metabolic reaction relations and so on.
We are considering new experiments using the commercial information extraction products, Pathway Studio [ 44] and Cogito [ 45].
External reference and orthologous genes are of high interest for the extraction of pathway information from sources such as David (6) or IPA (7).
Genome-scale metabolic reconstructions of 2 630 organisms were generated through extraction of pathway data from the KEGG and MetaCyc databases using an updated version of the pre-existing software libAnnotationSBML and the SuBliMinaL Toolbox [ 38, 39].
Simultaneously, it is also important to note that the accuracy and the reliability of this procedure depend on the intelligence of human resources, who are involved in the manual curation and extraction of pathway information from the large pool of experimental data.
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