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Because the extraction of bitumen from those sands is an energy-intensive process, it emits more greenhouse gases than the extraction of oil from conventional reservoirs.
Those opposed to the project say that it would accelerate climate change by speeding the energy-intense extraction of bitumen in Alberta, could pollute waterways along the project's route and would do little to help the U.S. economy.
Mature fine tailings (MFT), a mineral matrix of residual hydrocarbons, water, and fine clays, are generated by the extraction of bitumen from oil sands.
The in-situ extraction of bitumen from oil sands, particularly steam assisted gravity drainage, has been the fastest growing production technology in the industry.
Extraction of bitumen from the shallow oil sands generates extremely large volumes of waters contaminated by naphthenic acid which pose severe environmental and ecological risks.
The extraction of bitumen from the oil sands in Canada generates tonnes of mature fine tailings (MFT), consisting of a mineral matrix of sand, clay, and water, which without treatment requires thousands of years to fully consolidate.
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And U.S. imports of oil sands crude are poised to grow considerably as Washington considers a landmark cross-border pipeline that would result in the increased extraction of Canadian bitumen.
Only one U.S. environmental group, the Natural Resources Defense Council, initially opposed the permit, arguing that extraction and processing of bitumen into heavy crude was destroying swaths of Alberta's boreal forest.
The Oil Sands segment includes mining, extraction, and transport of bitumen from oil sands deposits in Alberta, Canada, and the upgrade of bitumen to produce and market synthetic crude oil and vacuum gas oil.
The most expensive projects of all involve the extraction of oil from bitumen, shale and even coal, through elaborate processing.
Per barrel, the extraction of oil from bitumen emits between three and four times as much carbon and other greenhouse gases as conventional oil does, according to the Pembina Institute, an environmental think-tank in Calgary.
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