Previous NMF methods [11, 13, 21] were developed to extract task-specific nonnegative factors, but they did not simultaneously consider the uncertainty of model parameters and control the sparsity of weight parameters.
The mismatch negativity (MMN) is the reliable indicator for exploring preattentive processing, reflecting the brain ability to automatically extract task-irrelevant information under nonattentional conditions as well as indexes of preattentive sensory memory information processing [ 16, 17].
These findings demonstrate that despite the absence of awareness and behavioral responsiveness, sleepers can still extract task-relevant information from external stimuli and covertly prepare for appropriate motor responses.
As such, these studies, while providing additional evidence of rat capability to use vision to extract task-relevant information from visual patterns, do not typically include manipulations of the visual stimuli that allow inferring how advanced rat object vision is in terms of shape processing and invariant recognition.
However, even if the interference effects were driven by low-level salience, it would still suggest that top-down control is necessary for extracting task-relevant comparisons.
Behavioural studies have shown that facial features are extracted task-dependently, for example, eye information is typically used to diagnose gender (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001).
The extracted task-dependent regional brain activity (T-contrast map) was superimposed onto the brain surface image implemented in the NIRS-SPM.
In the current study, we extend this task induction strategy to track the ability of sleepers in extracting task-relevant information from speech and preparing for the appropriate motor plan.
Thus, the essential task of a motor imagery BCI is to extract the task-relevant ERD/ERS patterns from EEG signals for classifying subject's motor intentions.
