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Here we describe how the Xenopus egg extract system, in combination with specifically designed DNA templates, contributed to our detailed understanding of these pathways.
Overall, our embryo extract system, in combination with biochemical validation of regulatory interactions and experimental manipulation in developing embryos, allows the identification of physiologically relevant molecular mechanisms controlling spindle architecture and cell division.
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We were unable to detect interaction of MutSalpha or MutLalpha with Rad17, Rad9, or replication protein A in the extract system.
Additionally, we found a number of proteins known to interact with both actin and microtubules, such as MACF1 and plectin, pointing to a strong link between these two types of filaments in egg extract system.
Our results contribute to this idea: complex functional DNA replication origins are not required for DNA replication of naked DNA in our extract system.
To address how spindle size is determined during vertebrate embryogenesis, we created an embryo extract system capable of assembling spindles in cytoplasmic extracts at any stage of X. laevis development up to the midblastula transition when cell divisions become asynchronous (Newport and Kirschner, 1982).
We compared stage 3 and stage 8, the two extremes of spindle size in our extract system, and found that MT dynamics are modified to reduce spindle size upon release of an inhibitory interaction between the MT depolymerizing kinesin kif2a and importin α.
In our egg extract system, replication only occurs after a lag period during which plasmid DNA is chromatinized and assembled into pseudonuclei.
(1) Heliquinomycin was originally identified as an inhibitor of in vitro replication in cell extract systems [ 126] and was later shown to biochemically inhibit the DNA unwinding properties of a specific Mcm subcomplex (Mcm467).
Overall, these results demonstrate that our identified substrate can be used in multiple different extract systems and furthermore that ABPs that target multiple related enzymes can be used to identify specific substrates.
Lipids and target analytes were extracted using a solid-phase extraction system, in which the sample on diatomaceous earth was dried by pressurized nitrogen and extracted with dichloromethane.
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