Conventional theory had always argued that monopolies overcharge, underproduce and extract surplus profits.
Caps on contingent fees also reduce clients' ability to extract surplus, allowing attorneys to earn greater profits.
They fail to understand that capitalist production, for all its surface "freedom" and "fairness," must extract surplus value from the labor of the working class.
And rather than lamenting the crises of capitalism for their socially divisive effects, Marx hailed them, since each new crisis meant another nail in the coffin of a system which extracts "surplus value" in the form of profit from the people who actually produce it.
By selling two editions in two places, the publisher may be better able to extract more surplus by getting buyers to reveal their consumer-type.
It was the ability to tax and to extract a surplus from the produce of agriculture that, in Scott's account, led to the birth of the state, and also to the creation of complex societies with hierarchies, division of labor, specialist jobs (soldier, priest, servant, administrator), and an élite presiding over them.
This practice can allow retailers to extract further surplus from consumers through quality-based price discrimination.
Capitalism's command is utterly simple: connect deterritorialized flows of labor and capital and extract a surplus from that connection.
In the areas dominated by guerrilla cadres, the governments were less likely to enact radical policies and extract economic surplus aggressively.
First, the relationship between the seller and the group becomes more efficient, since the incentive to withhold demand disappears, and, as a result, the seller can potentially extract more surplus from the coalition members.
To paraphrase Perry Anderson, semi-feudal elites extract economic surplus from the immediate producers by customary forms of extra-economic violence and coercion; they do so by demanding labor services, deliveries in kind, or rents in cash, and preside over areas where free commodity exchange and labor mobility are relatively rare.
