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For this reason, the "mathematical artefacts" of extinction estimates were not sufficient to be certain about the current state of extinction, said MacLeod.
For saproxylic species, which depend on dead wood, the extinction estimates were calculated based on remaining dead wood volume in the landscape.
Most colonization and extinction estimates were constant over time (years) and space (among wetlands), with one notable exception: local extinction probabilities for Rana clamitans were lower for wetlands with longer hydroperiods.
The need for fine-scale investigations of ecological processes for species distribution models is related to the differences in model results between meso-scale (coarse) and topo-scale (fine; 0.01 to 1 km) environments, whereby fine-scale models that capture fine-scale environments show markedly different range loss and extinction estimates than coarse-scale models for some species.
Extinction rates are estimated at zero in the majority of trees, with positive extinction estimates in a small number of trees.
As observed in Figure 3, HED generated with both sets of probability of extinction estimates also correlate well with FP (r = 0.8984 for 'Isaac', r = 0.8869 for IUCN 100) though there remains significant scatter.
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With extinctions estimated to outnumber discoveries of new species and many of Earth's most diverse taxa still unaccounted for, they say the effort to identify and catalog organisms is more critical than ever before.
Over these geological timescales there have been at least five (Raup & Sepkoski, 1982; see also Harnik et al., 2012) relatively sudden (c. 1 10 Myr; Briggs, 1995) major marine extinctions, estimated to have eradicated at least half of marine species (Briggs, 2003; but see Bambach, 2006).
To increase the precision of extinction time estimates it would be desirable to have more direct empirical estimates of mutation rates and effects in the Amazon molly.
Median extinction rate estimates are 0.03 and 0.22 in TRZ+SCP and HRZ clades, respectively.
Including a distantly related outgroup did not substantially change speciation or extinction parameter estimates (data not shown).
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